Links to sites about racial violence and reconciliation:
1. "Lyching In America"
http://www.history.ohio-state.edu/us-texts/lynching/
This website gives a general understanding of what lynching means, where
it was done, and who it was done to. A lynching took place in Urbana,
Ohio in 1897, and many newspapers across the country printed articles
about the lynching. The website has direct links to those newspapers.
2. "About Lynching"
http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lynching/lynching.htm
Articles from magazines and portions of books were extracted and placed
on this website. It provides a thorough and comprehensive definition of
lynching, and it explains how lynching was originated. Information about
various anti-lynching groups was also provided.
3. "Lynching"
http://www.berea.edu/ENG/chesnutt/lynching.html
This page was created by a Berea College student. Information about the
origins of lynching are provided along with pictures of lynchings. Reactions,
anti-lynching efforts, and the history of the Ku Klux Klan is also included.
4. "The Negro-Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots"
http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/2/79.02.04.x.html
This page was developed by the Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, and
it was designed as a course in Afro-American History for high school students.
The website is divided into three sections: lynching, the most significant
race riots between 1898 and 1943, and the black response to the acts of
violence.
5. "American Lynching: Strange and Bitter Fruit"
http://www.americanlynching.com
This website is based on an important documentary about lynching in America.
The history of lynchings is provided along with pictures and library references.
There are links to other lynch-related sites, and autio files can be downloaded
and listened to.
6. "Lynching"
http://www.blackhistory.eb.com/micro/362/22.htm
This webpage is short and gives the facts, history, and origin of lynching.
7. "Lynchings In America"
http://www.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/african/2000/lynching.htm
This website is based on a book about lynching. The history of lynching
is briefly mentioned along with a few pictures. It also lists different
African-Americans of the twentieth century and tells who they are and
what they achieved.
8. "Lynching in America: Carnival of Death"
http://www.crimelibrary.com/classics2/carnival/5.htm
The website gives examples of detailed lynchings that took place across
America. The page provided information on several topics: the history
of American lynchings, the origins of the Ku Klux Klan, and the legal
measures that were taken to stop lynching.
9. "Lynching"
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAlynching.htm
Various lynchings of African-Americans were described as well as some
white Americans that were against lynching. The website includes articles
printed by people against lynching, and it provides information relating
the Ku Klux Klan to lynchings.
10. "The Press and Lynchings of African-Americans"
http://academic.csuohio.edu/perloffr/lynching/
Information is summarized from different magazines and books on lynchings
in America. The main topics are: news and lynchings in the late nineteenth
century, anti-lynching voices, and the press and public in the twentieth
century.
11. "Lynching"
http://blackhistorypages.com/lynching/
Information on numerous notorious lynchings is provided. This website
is very helpful for getting information on many African-American lynchings
across the country and for getting links to other lynching-related websites.
12. "Lynching Crusade"
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtm/exhibit/aopart6b.html
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, NAACP,
and the Women Journalists group started crusades against lynchings.
13. "The Lynching of Mack Charles Parker"
www.angelfire.com/wi/Carver/jmcppms.html
Information regarding the lynching of Mack Charles Parker is provided
along with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI, files.
14. "Exhibit of Lynching Photos In a Harsh Display of Hatred"
www7.cnn.com/2000/US/01/18/lynching.photography/
The website is based on the display of the horrible American history of
lynching in a New York gallery. There are African-Americans being stripped,
beaten, burned, and hung on display in the gallery as well as on this
website.
15. "The Lynching of Anthony Crawford"
http://ccharity.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=101
The great-great granddaughter of Anthony Crawford tells about the lynching
of Crawford and the effects the lynching had on the lives of his descendants.
16. "Marietta's Shame: The Lynching of Leo Frank"
www.atlantanation.com/leofrank.html
African-Americans were not the only minorities in American that were lynched.
Leo Frank was a northern Jew who moved to Marietta to manage a pencil
factory. He was accused, convicted, and sentenced to twenty years for
the murder of 14-year-old Mary Phagon. A mob took Frank from jail and
hung him.
17. "The Orangeburg Massacre of 1968"
http://webpages.homestead.com/Tributes/tribute9.html
Three promising African-American students were murdered outside an Orangeburg,
South Carolina bowling alley that did not admit Blacks; 27 students were
killed. 200 students were protesting the bowling alley, and police officers
open fired on the demonstration.
18. "Utah History to Go"
http://www.utahhistorytogo.org/kkk.html
Robert Marshall, an African-American miner, was accused of murdering Milton
burns. After being caputred, Marshall was taken out of the police car
and hung two times. Governor George Dern was under pressure from the NAACP
and chose to investigate the lynching. Eleven men were charged with first
degree murder.
19. "Tulsa Panel Seeks Truth from 1921 Race Riots"
http://www.cnn.com/US/9908/03/tulsa.riots.probe/
This website gives personal accounts of people that witnessed the Tulsa
Race Riot of 1921. Dick Rowland was accused of assaulting and raping a
white woman. Rowland was protected in the local courthouse by several
African-Americans and whites guarding it. A black war veteran had a gun
that a white man tried to take, and the white man ended up getting shot.
This started a riot that burned down parts of Tulsa leaving more blacks
dead that whites.
20. "Local Context and Events Prior to Massacre"
http://www.ocoeeproject.com/overview.html
This website provides information on the background of the Ocoee Massacre.
Before the massacre, there were several hundred black people living in
Ocoee. After the massacre, the next census showed that only two black
people were remaining there. The next year there were no blacks, and it
remained that way for forty years.
21. "Without Santuary: Lynching Photography in America"
http://www.journale.com/withoutsanctuary/main.html
This website is based on photographs of lynchings in the United States,
emerging out of James Allen's book project "Without Sanctuary:Lynching
Photography in America." Each photograph is detailed. Contains a
moving video, narrated by collector and author James Allen
22. "Negro Is Lynched at Garland City"
http://www.geocities.com/BourbonStreet/Quarter/5974/lynching.html
Andrew Avery, an African-American, was accused of shooting Will woods
twice in the local woods. Avery was hung at 9:45 on July 30 in Garland
City.
23. "Blood Red Record"
http://lcweb2loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/murray:@field(FLD001+91898232+):@@@$REF$
A record of the lynchings and burnings of African-Americans.
24. "The Springfield Race Riot of 1908"
http://library.thinkquest.org/2986/index.html
This website lists many incidents of violence that occured in Springfield,
IL.
25. "Lynching Law in Georgia"
http://memory.loc.gov/
This website gives several accounts of lynchings that took place in the
United States.
26. "Lynchings and the Klan"
http://www.ccharity.com/sections.php?op=listarticle&secid+3
Records of Ku Klux Klan encounters and lynchings are provided.
27. "Robinson Show Lynchings"
http://www.ci.duluth.mn.us/city/police/website/history/lynching.htm
This website tells about the story of three innocent African-American
men falsely accused of raping a white female. The men were beaten and
hung in Duluth, MI.
28. "African American Holocaust"
http://maafa.org/index.html
This website contains graphic pictures of African-Americans who were burned,
shot, mutilated, and lynched. Inspirational quotes are given about the
struggle and holocaust of African-Americans.
29. "Lynch Law in America"
http://afroamhistory.about.com/library/blidadwells_lynchlawinamerica.htm
Includes some of Ida B. Wells' reports on lynching in the South.
30. " Lynching"
http://afroamhistory.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http%3Articles%2Ftt_374.htm
The history, significance, and legacy of lynchings are addressed in this
website.
31. "A Reign of Terror"
http://www.arktimes.com/000804coverstory.html
This website provides information on the lynchings of John Carter, Owen
Flemming, and Winston Pounds. The trial, conviction, and execution of
Lonnie Dixon is also included.
33. "Rosewood Florida"
http://www.displaysforschools.com/rosewood.html
Details on the 1923 Rosewood, FL massacre
34. "1898 Wilmington"
http://www.spinnc.org/spinsites/1898/
Also available via http://www.spinsites.org
These websites include information concerning the Wilmington North Carolina
commemorative organization for the 1898 killings
